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United States of America - printer friendly - MSN Encarta clicking it in the menu file on pressures, in order to print the information. For the history of North America before the appropriation by the Europeans see Indians. The discovery and investigation journeys 15. With arrival of the Europeans end of the 15. Jahrhunderts probably lived between three and five million Indian in North America. After this defeat Spain was not to be taken as a rival of England around the supremacy in North America any longer seriously, to the "virgin (virgin) queen", Virginia called. Both attempts failed however. The first English continuous settlement in North America was designated that 1607 created Jamestown, after king Jakob I. French and Netherlands activities in the decade after the establishment of Jamestown intensified also France and the Netherlands their efforts around North American territory. 1632 received lord Baltimore, a catholic, from the anglikanischen king Karl I. the concession for colonizing of Maryland. And evenly this religious variety, paired with religious tolerance, was it, which pulled countless immigrants in the 17. Jahrhundert from Europe coined/shaped by religionskriegen and religious pursuit to North America. A further reason for the substantial inflow of Kolonisten in 17. Most of the English crown authorized and privileged colonies became still before end 17. Exception was Georgia, which originated in only to 1732 as colony. New Hampshire became 1679 the colony, and 1681 received finally William Penn a royal concession for the later Pennsylvania. A further navigation document of 1660 forbade trade relations between the English and not-English nations. But because of the careless monitoring of these laws smuggling and black market were far common by England New Hampshire and Massachusetts in Kronkolonien around the pool from New York, new jersey and the new England colonies to the Dominion OF new England. After the Glorious revolution the order was again taken back. The accession of Wilhelm III. 1689 marked a re-orientation in the English foreign policy: England turned from the per-French policy Jakobs II. off and now both in Europe as well as in the colonies as one the main opponent of France formed itself. In the colonies France was the sharpest competitor of England around the supremacy. Finally the British-French wars the Queen Anne's was (1702-1713), the Austrian succession war and/or the King George's was (1744-1748) and the seven-year-olds war and/or British French the colonial war (1754-1763). The decision brought finally the fourth war, from which after initial defeats at the end Great Britain came out as a winner. Great Britain was now the Vormacht in North America. Independence and establishment of state. This, connected with again stronger control of the colonies by the motherland, provoked medium-term the open resistance of the colonies. Already 1764 intensified the British parliament the navigation document, and 1765 decided it the stamp document in such a way specified. This law encountered in the colonies sharp protest, which found its provisional high point in October 1765 in the Stamp act Congress. The congress discharged a Declaration OF Rights and Grievances, in which the colonies and larger self-determination and a parliamentary agency in-complained. The British parliament recognized the Declaration not on, took 1766 back the stamp document however again. 1767 adopted the parliament the Townshend Acts, which and a row of goods, like z. dte, paper, lead, color and glass, with tariffs occupied. In reaction to it Great Britain 1768 strengthened its troops in Boston, a center of the colonial resistance. Intensified the anti-British Stimmung. Maerz the again 1770 came it into Boston to collisions by force between British soldiers and Bostoner citizen, the Boston in such a way specified massacre. 1770 took all tariffs from the Townshend Acts to Great Britain back with exception of the Teezolles. Dezember 1773 in the Boston Tea party. In reaction to the Intolerable Acts met the British colonies in North America at the 5. Kontinentalkongress and formulated here a common protest explanation at king Georg III. The fronts hardened appreciably. In April 1775 it came with Lexington to first armed arguments between British soldiers and the colonial militia. The North American war of independence had begun. Beyond that it appealed to the British government to settle the crisis on peaceful way. In August 1775 however Georg III. answered rebellion and riot (in North America) with a proclamation, in which he called its "loyalen subjects" in addition, "to strike down". Only the publication of Thomas Paines Common scythe in January 1776 caused a clear reversal of opinion in the colonies: At the 2. Kontinentalkongress the detachment of the colonies of the British crown, and at the 4. Juli 1776 he discharged essentially the Unabhaengigkeitserklaerung. Oktober sketched by Thomas Jefferson 1781 with Yorktown for surrender. With the signing of the peace of Paris at the 3. September 1783 the North American war of independence ended. The consolidation of the United States. The confederation of states however hardly had authority, what became negatively apparent soon within many ranges, so z. in economics and trade, in addition, in the relations between the member states. First president of the United States became George Washington, that officiated from 1789 to 1797. Against this foreign policy, in addition, against the course relating to domestic affairs of the government of Adam, itself the u. The war ended 1814 with the peace of Gent for both sides without result, D, it the Vorkriegsverhaeltnisse was restored. Under president James Monroe (1817-1825) acquired the USA of Spain Florida, which was taken up 1845 as Federal State to the union. The expansion was connected also further with driving, resettling or even destruction of whole Indian trunks out. The strong economic growth in the first half of the 19. Jahrhunderts was based on the one hand on the territorial expansion, on the other hand on the enormous inflow at immigrants. The north rejected the slavery, the south defended it as its substantial economic basis. The argument around the slavery question finally led 1860/61 to the withdrawal of the Southern States from the union and to the American civil war. The compromise at the same time forbade the slavery in the still remaining territory from the Louis IANA purchase north of 36°30 ' northern latitude. New conflict potential supplied the admission of California to 1850 with as slave-free state to the union. Kansas and Nebraska lay both north the 36. Breitengrades, but Kansas should be slammed shut the south, thus the states slave-holding. In reaction to the Kansas Nebraska act formed 1854 from u. The republicans found particularly in the north rapidly broad support. its prominent head Abraham Lincoln. Dezember became 1860, stepped South Carolina from the union aus. April sent Lincoln union troops, which should strike down the rebellion, when the union the secession of the Southern States regarded that. The American civil war (war of secession) had begun. A highest war goal of the union was the re-establishment of the national unit, which was also reached with the surrender of the Southern States in April 1865. A further substantial result of the war was the abolishment of the slavery: At the 1. Zusatz for American condition, to which at the 18. Dezember 1865 entered into force, the slavery in the USA was finally abolished. in the development of a ready for violence racingism found its expression (see Ku Klux Klan). 1877 were terminated the Reconstruction officially, the union troops were withdrawn from the south. Economic and social development after the civil war after the civil war experienced particularly in the northeast and in the middle west the industry a development like an explosion. The Southern States however the industrialization boom more or less passed. Settling the west progressed at the same time, and toward end of the 19. Jahrhunderts the development of the USA up to the Pacific was final as settlement area. Despite some victories of the Indians as for instance in the battle at the Little Bighorn 1876 the white settlers and soldier kept the upper hand. With the massacre at 400 Sioux with Wounded Knee 1890 ended the Indian wars. And finally the USA in the second half of the 19. Jahrhunderts experienced an enormous population growth, which was caused particularly by the enormous immigrant stream from Europe. A large part of the immigrants found in boom-ends industry work. 1866 united several trade unions to national to laboratory the union, which was again dissolved however 1872 because of internal arguments. 1886 was replaced the Knights OF labour as a prominent trade union organisation from the American Federation OF labour (AFL). The Farmer, farm worker and tenant come economically into the hintertreffen began themselves to organize at the late sixties likewise, z. the racial segregation in public mechanisms, means of transport, schools etc. interspersed and the black one the entrance to the political life practically not possibly made. In reaction to its discrimination organized itself the Afroamerikaner in different civil rights movements, which could achieve few successes however into the second half of the 20. Jahrhunderts in the fight for the equal rights only. Theodore Roosevelt and the progressivism. The progressivism had itself in the nineties 19. One of the quintessential points of Roosevelts reform program was the deprivation of power and control of the large-scale enterprises and major banks. Some trusts, as for beef, crude oil, coal, sugar or the railway company, held practically monopolistic positions. Roosevelts successor, the republican William Howard taffeta (1909-1913) and the democrat Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), continued its progressive home policy in their fundamentals. Splitting the republicans during the election campaign 1912 help finally the democrats with Wilson at the point to the victory. The foreign policy of the USA was expansionistic coined/shaped before the background of their increasing economic power. Thus they stressed their requirement on privileges since center of the 19. Jahrhunderts again and again seriously to the Central American landing gene and/or at a future channel between Karibik and Pazifik. Jahrhunderts accepted the foreign policy of the USA clearly imperialistic courses. Likewise 1898 annektierten the USA Hawaii, and 1899 acquired them American Samoa. Due to the Spanish-American war the USA arrived at possessions outside of their continental heartland. They took over thereby the status colonial power, which let it - apart from other factors - transfer an increasing role to world-political affairs. The USA and/or president Roosevelt had a first important appearance on the international stage, when it vermittelte. Weltkrieges president Wilson the neutrality of the united Staaten. April avowed from Portsmouth to the completion of the Russian-Japanese war 1917 the German Reich and its allied one the war explain let 1905 the peace. Already in January 1918 Wilson in the fourteen points its program for a peaceful, stable postwar order had vorgestellt. Punkt, which became creation of the voelkerbundes, to a large extent after Wilsons conceptions realized. With Germany the USA 1921 closed a separate peace treaty. The golden twenties - Wilson reached boom and collapse relating to domestic affairs 1920 with the 19. Zusatz for condition the introduction of the woman right to vote. This marked also into for instance the end of the progressive reform politics. Its successors, the republicans Warren G. Harding (1921-1923), Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) and Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933), let boom-end the forces that again economics against it again relatively free run. In addition, the economic and social circulations of the post-war period brought a set of social problems with itself the racingism further at soil, likewise the stranger hostileness. 1919 introduced the USA with the verabschiedung of the 18. Verfassungszusatzes the prohibition, the prohibition of production, transport and sales of Alkohol. Jahrhunderts a whole set of Federal States different laws against excessive consumption of alcohol had introduced. Country widely the interested circles knew - primarily rural, Protestant population circles - which carry out prohibition however only 1919. The continuous Prosperitaet of the twenties tempts in the USA increasingly to investments in the speculative transaction. However in August 1929 stock brokers for their customers acted approximately 300 Millionen shares with profit (carry on margin). By October 1929 this purchase intoxication had been exhausted however and changed now to a feverful sales wave. The courses fell steeply, thousands of investors lost their entire Vermoegen. Oktober 1929, "black Friday", experienced the New Yorker stock exchange their most devastating panic sales. To the year end the sharp falls in prices had reached the sum of 15 Milliarden US dollar. A consequence was that Hoover was subject to its democratic challenger Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose new Deal promised an overcoming of the crisis with the presidency elections clearly. The foreign policy of the governments Harding, Coolidge and Hoover was on the one hand isolationist, on the other hand by expansionistic external trade politics coined/shaped. Besides the USA were geworden. Weltkrieges due to the 1. Weltkrieges to the largest creditor country of the world and in the direct post-war period the USA the allied credit to the amount of altogether approximately ten billion US dollar had granted. In the interest of political stability the USA initiated even international loans for Germany. The US senate ratified the agreement 1929. The term of office Roosevelts - intermediate wartime and 2. The overcoming of the consequences of the world economic crisis was Franklin D. With these and similar measures Roosevelt created the bases for the modern welfare state in the USA. Penetration of the economic, political and moral values and interests of the USA stand. Weltkrieges in September 1939 supported the USA the European allied ones against the Axis powers. Beyond that in September 1940 the first conscription law to times of peace as well as laws were adopted for the mobilization of restaurant resources for a possible war. In March 1941 the Lend lease law passed the congress. Thus the president was authorized to sell the allied one without immediate payment of war goods lends or to lease. With the Atlantic Charter the close angloamerikanische alliance already announced itself in August 1941, which should attain central meaning in the further process. Roosevelt had provided the Charter together and the British prime minister Sir Winston Churchill. The debate between isolationists and interventionists ended abruptly with the Japanese assault on the US naval base Pearl Harbor (Hawaii) at the 7. Dezember 1941 explained the USA Japan the war, and at the 11. Dezember the declarations of war of Germany and Italy followed to the USA. Roosevelts a war goal was thrashing and the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers, everything in front Germany. To further conferences the bases for the structure of the UN and other forms of world-wide co-operation were then put after the war. For the planned postwar order to emphasize are besides the conferences of Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) in July 1944 and Dumbarton Oaks (Washington D. April 1945 vice-president Harry S. its major tasks took over as a president was the completion of the war and the concern around a Weltfriedensordnung. Mai 1945 capitulates Germany before the allied ones, while US armed forces on the Pacific theater advanced still against Japan. In an atmosphere of peace hopes an international conference in June 1945 in San Francisco, which compiled the Charter of the United Nations, met. at the 26. Juni 1945 50 Staaten, under it also the USA, signed the Charter and completed thereby the establishment of the UN. In August 1945 Truman gave the instruction to the atom bomb release on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. August 1945, the surrender of Japan took place to 14. Relating to domestic affairs the post-war period was coined/shaped in the USA of the conversion of the economy of the wartime economy to the peace economy. Regardless of the problems relating to domestic affairs the USA maintained its dominant factor role in world politics. One of the diplomatic main questions was handling atomic energy and nuclear weapons. The USA put the Baruchplan in such a way specified forwards (designated after its initiator, the US restaurant politician Berne pool of broadcasting corporations M. Baruch), according to which atomic energy and nuclear weapons of international control (UN control to 1946) should be subordinated. The Soviet Union insisted in contrast to this on the destruction of the existing nuclear weapons forwards or at the latest upon the entry into force of international control. 1946 changed the competence for atomic affairs into the USA from the military on the civilian atomic energy authority. The national safety law of 1947 united US armed forces under a Secretary of Defense and the united general staff. 1948 took part the USA in the establishment of the organization of the American States of (OAS), which and disputes between American states should settle. The USSR answered to the Truman doctrine and the Mars resounding plan and likewise 1947 in Germany the British one and the American zone of occupation to the Bizone had been folded up. The gradually increasing tensions escalated, when the three Western powers at the 20. Juni accomplished 1948 in their zones of occupation and in their sectors of the together administered of Berlin the currency reform. In reaction to the currency reform the Soviet Union interrupted to 24. The British and American crew authorities built thereupon an air transport system for the supply of the west sectors of Berlin up, the citizens of Berlin Luftbruecke. Mai 1949 terminated the Soviet Union officially the blockade, without their goal to have reached. Besides the government Truman issued a law, which led to the abolition of the racial segregation in US armed forces. These measures had the consequence that the support of the Southern States remained as far as possible refused for it. 1951 terminated the peace of San Francisco formally the state of war between the USA and Japan. Immediately after the peace treaty both states signed the Japanese-American safety contract, which allied to confine them made. China however was as allies and/or Mao proclaimed the People's Republic China. Chiang dock shek had to withdraw itself with its troops after Taiwan. 1950 released North Korea niche troops the Korea war, as them the demarcation line at the 38. Breitengrad exceeded and in the south invaded the USA reacted with a substantial military counterstroke. Before had the UN on operation of the USA (and under absence of the Soviet representatives) the military employment formally beschlossen. Breitengrad to the south back-soft. The following negotiations for an armistice, which were terminated in July 1953, confirmed the Vorkriegsstatus, D the division of the country approximately along 38. The USA were gescheitert. Weltkrieges concentrated it its work with their attempt to stop the expansion of communism in Asia almost exclusively on presumed and actual communists and similar "subversive" elements. First, broad attention exciting decision of the senate committee was 1948 the sentence and arrest of the Hollywood in such a way specified Ten. its doubtful high point experienced the senate committee under Joseph R. The hysterische pursuit wave expanded soon also on other person's groups: in Jews, black ones and almost any kind of intellectual ones. In July 1952 the republican party nominated general Dwight D. Eisenhower to their presidency -, senator Richard M. lowered beyond that the government Eisenhower the taxes and the Federal expenses. Social reforms to considerable extent were not accomplished during Eisenhowers presidency. The urgent problem relating to domestic affairs of that time was the fight of the Afroamerikaner against the racial segregation and for the penetration of their full citizen rights. Some Southern States of the USA tried to go around these regulations. Meanwhile numerous black ones in the civil rights movement had organized themselves. The foreign policy trusted Eisenhower to a large extent his minister of foreign affairs John Foster Dulles to the dismantling of conventional armed forces and the substantial development nuclear weapon arsenal in. 1952 ignited the USA its first hydrogen bomb, the USSR followed six months later. In the future both powers over the development of nuclear weapons concentrated outside on perfecting the carrier systems for these weapons. New langstreckenraketen were developed, and starting from 1957 both states had operational intercontinental missiles. The arms race between the USA and the Soviet Union, which extended over the entire cold war, accepted extreme extents. In reaction to the setback in Indochina the USA now also their relations with national China (Taiwan) removal. In January 1955 the congress gave the agreement in principle for a defense Taiwans by US armed forces in the case of crisis. After death Stalins 1953 followed a time of the relaxation. The USA rejected a similar suggestion of the Soviet Union for Germany. Also with a summit conference Eisenhowers with other three winner powers of the 2. Weltkrieges was obtained over questions of a reunification of Germany and the disarmament no approximation. The USA condemned this measure, undertook however no attempt of a direct Intervention. Oktober 1957 started the USSR an earth satellite, the Sputnik I. on it followed briefly a second Soviet satellite with a living dog on board. Thereupon the intensified USA their space program, and in January 1958 started them its first earth satellite, the Explorer 1. Also in space now the race between the two great powers set ein. Mai for 1960 an American U-2-Spionageflugzeug over the Soviet Union was shot. Later Khrushchev on an east west summit in of Paris demanded two weeks von Eisenhower an official apology for this injury of Soviet air space. Eisenhower refused and rejected also the ultimative demand of Khrushchev after attitude of all espionage flights over the Soviet Union. The conference was broken off, the relationship between the USA and the Soviet Union worsened appreciably. Into Cuba 1959 fell a revolution under the guidance Fidel Castros the corrupt regime under Fulgencio Batista. Castro established a socialist system after Soviet model and leaned economically and politically closely against the Soviet Union. 1961 broke the USA off the diplomatic relations with Cuba, after they had before already occupied the country with an economic boykott. In July 1960 the democratic party nominated senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts to its presidency and Lyndon B. The republicans nominated the acting vice-president Nixon to the presidency candidate and Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge for the post of the vice-president. High points of the election campaign were a set of television debates between the two leading candidates. Kennedy won the choice scarcely with 43 Jahren was it a youngest president of American history, and he was the first catholic in the office for president. With its vision from the departure to new borders it mobilized above all the youth. The fight for the citizen rights was one of the most important decision fields of the government Kennedy. The brother of the president, US Minister of Justice Robert F. for the re-establishment of peace and order let the national guard of Mississippi place Kennedy under federal instruction and patrouillieren over the Campus. Besides Kennedy - against the active resistance of governor George C. Wallace - sent additionally federal enforcement officer for the penetration of the abolition of the racial segregation at the University of Alabama. Martin Luther King turned here with its famous speech "I have A dream ..." to the quantity. The legislation retarded in the congress however until 1963. With regard to foreign policy Kennedy tried the conversion of a new position in relation to the communist states. With support of his Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara Kennedy replaced the past strategy of the "active Zurueckdraengung" by its new policy of the "flexible reaction". And 1962 brought the Cuba crisis the USA and the Soviet Union to the edge of an atomic exchange. Both sides rigged now their nuclear weapon arsenals substantial. The agreement was meant as step for relaxation between the two great powers the USA and Soviet Union. While the relations of the USA with the USSR improved, the situation in Suedostasien. November worsened 1963 the regime Diem with knowledge and approval of the USA was fallen and Diem executed. Under Kennedy their commitment in south Viet Nam strengthened the USA more erheblich. November 1963 Kennedy in Dallas (Texas) was murdered. As presumed assassins Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested, which fell briefly on it for his part a lynching murder to the victim. Successor in office became the past vice-president Lyndon B. In its final report, the Warren report, the committee came to the result of the single complicity Oswalds. In view of this situation Johnson explained its renouncement in March 1968 on a further office period and announced at the same time the one-sided retreat from Viet Nam. In May it took up to of Paris peace negotiations with North Vietnam. Apart from the Viet Nam war the USA saw themselves confronted in the sixties with a number of further crises with regard to foreign policy. This intervention provided world-wide for an increase of the anti-American tendency and involved also within the USA much criticism. In the six-day war in June 1967 between Israel and its Arab neighbour Johnson agreed meanwhile with the Soviet head of the government Aleksej N. Kossygin to refrain from an intervention in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The last months of the term of office Johnsons were overshadowed by a number of events relating to domestic affairs. 1968 a new wave of heavy race riots in Washington D. and a number of other cities followed the murder Martin Luther Kings in Memphis (threshing floor lake) at the 4. April. The line relating to domestic affairs of the new president Richard M. The US space program had to show some large successes at this time. Particularly to mention the moon-landing of the crew of Apollo 11 is to 20. During a demonstration of students of the Kent State University (Ohio) in May 1970 z. four students were shot by Nationalgardisten. Nixon had the intention of withdrawing by a "Vietnamisierung" of the war the USA gradually from Viet Nam d. h, it wanted the US troops by suedvietnamesische federations to replace, which should be trained and equipped by the USA. The relations with the USSR improved gradually. The negotiations for the delimitation of strategic weapons (SALT: Strategic of arm Limitation of talc) had begun and took 1969 until 1972. With Nixons state visit in Moscow in May 1972 two American-Soviet contracts could be signed. A contract limited defense systems against rockets, other offensive carrier systems. Already in November 1969 the USA had signed a contract over the Nichtverbreitung of nuclear weapons, at the 11. Februar 1971 over the prohibition of such weapons as well as from their tests on the bottom of the sea. In September 1971 signed France, Great Britain, the USA and the USSR the quadripartite treaty over Berlin, which and the unhindered entrance guaranteed to west Berlin. In July 1971 Nixon sent its security advisor, Henry A. Kissinger, in secret mission to Peking for the preparation of a summit with the Chinese guidance. In February 1972 Nixon traveled to Peking its attendance to China led to the admission of diplomatic contacts and into their consequence and both great powers co-operated however with the Aushandlung of truces between Israel and Egypt as well as between Israel and Syria. The judges decided with six to three voices that the government was not authorized to prevent the publication of any information. Briefly after the re-election president Nixons - it had itself against the democrat George S. its preparation and the tried installation of a hearing plant in the election campaign headquarters of the democratic party in the Watergate Gebaeudekomplex (Washington D. as at the beginning of of August 1974 the accomplice shank of the president to be finally clearly proven, withdrew Nixon at the 9. August could do and came so a Impeachment procedure more zuvor. Oktober 1973 vice-president Agnew had withdrawn, after against him a procedure because of corruptibility and tax evasion opened war. Ford the follow-up Agnews as a vice-president begun, and now, in August 1974, he followed Nixon in the office of the Praesidenten. Vizepraesident confirmed by the congress. The world-wide recession of the seventies deepened, the USA had highest unemployment and inflation for decades. 1973/74 had drastically reduced the organization oil of exporting countries (OPEC) its oil promotion, in order to exert in the Middle East conflict political pressure. Consequently the oil price multiplied within short time, which intensified the international economic crisis. Starting from 1975 the USA recovered gradually again from the recession. 1976 become generally accepted with the presidency elections the democratic candidate Jimmy Carter against the office holder Ford. 1977 he negotiated two contracts with Panamá, which subordinated the Panamákanal starting from the year 2000 of control of Panamás. In September 1978 it succeeded to Carter in Camp David (with Washington D.), to obtain the basic conditions for a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt which could finally be signed in March 1979 in its final form. In January 1979 the USA besides full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China had taken up. In April 1980 Carter arranged a release action from the air, which failed however. After Carters it received nominating its party for the presidency elections to party-internal victory over his challenger Edward M. Kennedy 1980. The republicans nominated the former filmschauspieler and governor of California Ronald W. Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush, candidate for the office of the vice-president, received 51 Prozent of the direct voices, Carter 41 Prozent. After approximately 30 Jahren the republicans won a majority also in the senate for the first time again. Still 1981 decided the congress the largest reductions of taxes of American history. At the same time the defense expenditure was drastically increased. The continuous recession drove 1981/82 the unemployment rate for the first time since 1940 over the ten-per cent mark, the number of the firm bankruptcies achieved a new high point. With regard to foreign policy president and its ministers of foreign affairs (to 1982 Alexander M. Schultz) of the course of the relaxation went off Reagan opposite the USSR and supported world-wide practically each kind of anticommunist movements and governments. This new course with regard to foreign policy was besides characterized by serious demonstration of the strength of the great power the USA. 1982 sent Reagan US troops into Lebanon, and in October 1983 he arranged the invasion of the Karibikinsel Grenada. In Central America Reagan supported the government oriented towards the right in El Salvador and in Nicaragua the Contras likewise oriented towards the right against the socialist government. Briefly before the presidency elections of 1984 the Soviet Union signaled its desire for a new round of the arms control negotiations. In April 1986 Reagan let a heavy air raid fly against Libya as retaliation for attacks of terror against Americans. With teilwahlen to the senate in November 1986 the democrats won the majority more zurueck. Oktober 1987 experienced the New Yorker stock exchange one of the deepest sharp falls in prices of their history, as the Dow-Jones index around 508 Punkte and/or. The household and trade deficits amounted to more annually in each case than 100 Milliarden US dollar. With the presidency elections 1988 George Bush was selected as a first acting vice-president since Martin Van Buren 1836 to the president. And 1991 signed Bush and Gorbachev the starting iv-yield, which planned a drastic reduction of nuclear warheads. In the Gulf War of 1991 more than 500 000 US-Soldaten and allied troops participated under UN mandate and US guidance. In April 1992 it came again into of Los Angeles to the outbreak of heavy race troubles. 58 Personen died with unrests, the damage to property amounted to over 750 Millionen US dollar. In a reopening of the proceedings two of the policemen were guiltily spoken. With the presidency elections 1992 Bush was subject to its democratic challenger Bill Clinton. besides held the democrats their majority in both houses of the congress. In its first office months Clinton brought in numerous initiatives relating to domestic affairs in particular in the ranges social and health service. He used its wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, as chairman of a special committee to the reform of health insurance and health service. Jobs developed particularly in the Niedrigstlohnsektoren. With regard to foreign policy Clinton continued the support of the reform course in Russia and in the states of the former Eastern Bloc. Under Clintons switching came off finally 1995 the Dayton agreement, by which the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegowina was terminated. In Somalia against it the American intervention was not successful. The US troops made of Somalia were withdrawn to beginning of 1994. In July 1995, twenty years after the end of the Viet Nam war, took the USA full diplomatic relations with Viet Nam more auf. November to 1996 the office holder Bill Clinton with convincing majority were again selected. It triumphed with 49,2 Prozent of the delivered voices over his rival candidate Robert dole (40,8 Prozent) of the republicans. Thus Clinton could remove its projection/lead still more clearly opposite 1992. In the two houses of the congress however further the republicans held the majorities. A further important cabinet reorganization was the appointment larva line Albrights as the Foreign Minister. in this office it replaced Warren Christopher. The home policy was coined/shaped by the argument between the government Clinton and the congress around household questions. With regard to foreign policy the USA - also owing to their constantly growing economic power - presented themselves as the alone leading weltmacht. Urgently Clinton and Foreign Minister Albright strove for the continuation of the Middle East peace process (see Middle East conflict). Similarly seriously Clinton engaged itself in the northIrish peace process (see Northern Ireland conflict). After two bomb attacks on US messages in the African capitals Nairobi (Kenya) and Daressalam (Tanzania) to 7. Despite the US military strikes Afghanistan refused however the distribution is shop. In addition, after recent irritations Clinton at the 16. Dezember arranged 1998 in arrangement with the British prime minister Tony Blair of air impacts against military goals in the Iraq, the "operation in such a way specified Wuestenfuchs". Dezember the operation terminates Iraqi air defense positions remained in the following months the goal of sporadic US American and British attacks. The congress elections in November 1998 furnished a surprising voice increase for the democrats: They gained five seats in the house of representatives. in the senate the allocation of seats remained the same. In both houses however further the republicans had the majority. Central topic relating to domestic affairs 1998/99 was the Lewinsky Affaere. Januar in such a way specified 1999 because of perjury and wrong statement impeachment proceedings (see Impeachment) against Clinton in - the second Impeachment in the history of the USA. Since however the republicans did not have the zweidrittelmehrheit in the senate, necessary for a removal from office, the procedure ended with an acquietal. In the Kosovo conflict transferred the USA the prominent role with the decision to lead air impacts against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also without UN mandate. The commitment of the USA in the Kosovo conflict involved substantial disturbances in the relations with Russia and China. To China the USA had developed meanwhile good relations which is based on a equal partnership - u. In September 2000 the United States apologized for the first time officially with the Indians for pursuit, driving and abusing the natives Americas out. The knappe exit of the presidency elections at the 7. November 2000 led the country to the edge of a constitutional crisis. After the presidency candidate of the democratic party, vice-president aluminium Gore lay, scarcely before its republican rival George W. Bush, the result had to bring the decision in Florida, where it had come however to irregularities during the counting of votes. Only more George W. Er stood for than five weeks after the elections achieved the necessary majority of 271 that altogether 538 Wahlmaennerstimmen. Country-wide its competitor Gore had however over 300 000 Waehlerstimmen more erhalten. Bush by the elector committee to the 43. Praesidenten of the USA more gewaehlt. November held elections to the congress reached the republicans in the house of representatives 221 Mandate, the democrats attained 212 Sitze, two mandates went to independent ones. In the senate, the second chamber of the congress, both parties stopped 50 Sitze. Bush its office in each case as a president of the United States. Vice-president became Richard Cheney. In February the United States committed air impacts against Iraqi positions in the proximity of Bagdad, which were criticized internationally sharply. Few months later explained Bush the door of the USA from climatic minutes of Kyoto. September 2001 were shaken the United States by an unparalleled terror wave. With the notices approximately 3 000 Menschen died. After the terrorist raids president Bush demanded the government of Afghanistan for the distribution of the Saudi terrorist Osama is shop up. From view of the USA as wire-pullers of the notices responsible person Osama are shop enjoyed right of hospitality in Afghanistan. The governing Taliban did not come this demand more nach. Oktober with air raids began, which later also the use of special-purpose forces at the soil followed. Also after the fall of the Taliban regime the fight against the terrorism had highest priority in the outside and home policy. He justified the notice of the contract and with the reference to the danger of further notices of terror. In January 2004 a Bundesrichterin explained however parts of the law for unconstitutional. For 2005 the congress approved of a defense budget at a value of 417,5 Milliarden US dollar.) under its roof united and with for instance 170 000 Mitarbeitern the third biggest US Ministry is. In November 2002 the congress passed the appropriate law, and in January 2003 the authority took up its work. In November 2002 the congress used a committee, that background and which prehistory of the terror attacks of the 11. September 2001 should examine and clarify in the reason the question whether the governments Clinton and Bush could have prevented the assassination attempts. The questionings of the coworkers of the governments Clinton and Bush resulted in essentially only mutual debt assignments. Responsible for the breakdowns in their opinion "institutional omissions" were, not however the governments Clinton and Bush. After the terrorist attacks of the 11. September 2001 the USA intensified their course also opposite the Iraq substantially. Bush moved the Iraq and/or was discharged in the security council against it only one resolution (No. a UN mandate the congress held for the kriegsfall necessary for desirably, not however for compellingly. The European refusal to take part the transatlantic relations had left in an Iraq war to cooling noticeably. Briefly at expiration of the ultimatum US armed forces at the 20. Maerz began the Iraq war with the bombardment of selected goals in Bagdad. Congress of US however granted president Bush scarcely to 80 Milliarden US dollar for the war. With which the official US-American justification of the war - which removal of the massenvernichtungswaffen in the Iraq - gradually more wurde. September 2001 extracted each basis continuous "fight against the terror", which not yet past was in addition, after the fall of the Hussein regime. However made Iraq, which under the line of a US civil manager, only sluggishly progress in the consequence the political reconstruction. In some areas the occupation troops lost control appreciably. Despite this more than uncertain situation the USA handed as planned at the 28. Juni the sovereignty to 2004 over in the Iraq to a selected Iraqi interim government. All reasons, with which Bush and its government had justified the war against the Iraq - z. In July 2004 the democrats senator John Kerry from Massachusetts nominated to their candidate for the presidency elections at the 2. November 2004 and senator John Edward from North Carolina to their candidate for the office of the vice-president for the republicans stepped again George W. occupied Bush nine the 15 Ministerposten again, a change of course were however not connected with the cabinet reorganization. Most important new occupation was the appointment of its past Sicherheitsberaterin Condoleezza Rice to the Foreign Minister. Regarding the Iraq commitment the tendency in the country worsened appreciably, u. A further problem field opened itself by the hurricane Katrina, to 29. A largely put on, first however few coordinated evacuation -, supplying and relief work started only days after the hurricane. Because of the insufficient assistance the Federal Government and its disaster control authority had to leave themselves sharp criticism fallen primarily. Altogether the disaster revealed a clear lack of infrastructure, management and means during the accomplishment such to a crisis. The total damage, which the hurricane caused, became on at least 100 Milliarden US dollar estimated in addition came at longer term further economic losses and due to the damage of some oil platforms in the gulf of Mexico. In the future again the argument dominated the political discussion around the strategy of the USA in the Iraq. "United States of America," Microsoft® Encarta® on-line encyclopedia 2007.